As I suggested in the last post, it’s probably best to take Titus Andronicus as Shakespeare jumping on the bandwagon of the violent and popular revenge tragedy genre, and, as also noted, what better place to choose as a setting for such a play than ancient Rome?

Senatus Populusque Romanus
The delightfully-named Katharine Eisaman Maus, who supplied the introduction to Titus in my edition (“What edition is that, James?” Christ, we’ve been over this), argues that to the early moderns ancient Rome was less a physical place than “an anthology of stories” to be appropriated as required in the production of new art. Your typical Renaissance artistic standpoint. And, though Titus Andronicus is the only purely fictional of his Roman plays, as Eisaman Maus (again, great name) notes, Shakey “puts a great deal of emphasis on the play’s ‘Roman-ness’, making constant reference to classical myths, to legendary and historical figures, to imperial institutions, to the places and customs of ancient Rome.”
Mythologically, Ovid’s version of the story of the Athenian princess Philomela is particularly important, as is the Roman legend of Lucretia (whose rape was the catalyst for the formation of the Republic and to whom Shakespeare will return in his narrative poem The Rape of Lucrece). Not only are these stories useful to Shakespeare from a plotting point of view but, in an almost postmodern twist, he has the characters on stage make near-constant reference to how like the story of Philomela the events unfolding around them seem.
Now, to the matter at hand.
The play begins in the aftermath of the death of an unnamed Caesar with an emperorless Rome on the brink of civil war. Leading the opposing sides are the two sons of the deceased Caesar (the Decaesar? …no?), Saturninus and Bassianus. Saturninus, the older of the two, sees the crown as his birthright, while Bassianus wants to put the decision to the Senate and people of Rome. A tribune, Marcus Andronicus, manages to calm the fraternal factions by announcing that the plebs would have his brother Titus, a general right this moment on his way back into Rome in triumph, as their emperor. The brothers agree to offer the throne to this third party and disband their followers, whereupon Titus Andronicus arrives on stage, with some high-profile captive Goths in tow. This party of inexcusably malignant miscreants comprises of the following: Tamora, queen of the Goths and conniving wench; her sons Alarbus, Demetrius, and Chiron – the latter two, at least, degenerates both; and one of the most one-dimensional, demonically evil, and racially problematic characters ever to corrupt a stage with his presence – Tamora’s lover, Aaron the Moor.

Goths in Rome. Wait...
In a play in which approximately 40% of the named characters that appear on stage will be killed (all horribly and mostly, the Dowager Countess would be delighted to hear, in full view of the audience), Shakespeare wastes no time. Despite Tamora’s pleas for clemency – pleas that see her debasing her royal status by kneeling in supplication to her captor – Titus allows his own sons to drag her eldest, Alarbus, to the wings and murder him as a sacrifice to honour the Romans killed in battle. The body count has begun, as has the instigation to horrible, horrible vengeance.
Now, though the first death happens off-stage – meaning we can’t really comment on how nasty it is (though Titus’ sons, Quintus, Mutius, and Lucius, do re-enter “with bloody swords“) – I promise you this the exception rather than the rule.
Suffice it to say there will be limb chopping.




![Listed in 'The Persons of the Play' as EDWARD, Earl of March [...] later Duke of York and KING EDWARD IV.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Edward4.jpg)









